Falconry, the ancient art of training birds of prey to hunt in cooperation with humans, is both a time-honored tradition and a strictly regulated activity in the United States. For those drawn to the majesty of hawks, falcons, or eagles, understanding which states allow falconry and under what conditions is essential. Falconry is legal in most U.S. states, but it is heavily governed by federal and state regulations that require significant commitment, including permitting, testing, and facility inspections.
Understanding Falconry Regulations in the U.S.
Federal Oversight
In the United States, falconry is regulated by both federal and state governments. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) sets baseline regulations that all states must meet or exceed. However, individual states issue their own falconry permits and may impose additional rules or requirements.
Types of Falconry Permits
There are typically three classes of falconry permits:
- Apprentice Falconer: The entry-level class requiring sponsorship by a General or Master Falconer.
- General Falconer: Granted after at least two years of successful apprentice experience.
- Master Falconer: Requires five years as a General Falconer and allows possession of more species and birds.
States Where Falconry Is Allowed
Currently, falconry is legal and permitted in 49 states. Hawaii is the only U.S. state that does not allow falconry due to its unique and fragile native ecosystems.
States That Allow Falconry (Alphabetical List)
Here are the states where falconry is legal, along with general notes on regulation:
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
Hawaii The Exception
Hawaii does not permit falconry due to ecological sensitivities. The introduction of birds of prey could disrupt native bird species and fragile ecosystems. There is currently no path to legal falconry in the state, and aspiring falconers must relocate to pursue the activity.
Steps to Become a Legal Falconer
1. Study and Prepare
Prospective falconers must pass a written examination covering topics such as raptor biology, care, laws, and equipment. Study materials are often provided by state wildlife departments or falconry associations.
2. Find a Sponsor
To begin as an apprentice, you must find a General or Master Falconer to sponsor and supervise your training. This mentorship typically lasts at least two years.
3. Build Facilities
Apprentices must construct an approved raptor enclosure, called a mews, and have appropriate equipment including hoods, scales, jesses, and perches. The mews and facilities must pass a state inspection before a bird can be housed.
4. Obtain Permits
After passing the exam and passing the inspection, you can apply for your state-issued falconry permit. Once approved, you are legally allowed to trap or receive an approved raptor species to begin your training.
Birds Commonly Used in Falconry
The type of birds allowed depends on your license level and state rules. Common falconry birds include:
- Red-tailed Hawk: A popular choice for apprentices due to its abundance and trainability.
- American Kestrel: The smallest falcon used in falconry, suitable for beginners.
- Peregrine Falcon: Known for incredible speed, permitted for experienced falconers.
- Harris’s Hawk: Intelligent and social, favored for cooperative hunting.
Falconry Ethics and Responsibilities
Falconers are held to high ethical standards. Responsibilities include:
- Providing daily care and appropriate veterinary attention.
- Following strict guidelines on hunting seasons and quarry.
- Avoiding harm to protected wildlife or ecosystems.
- Maintaining accurate records and reporting bird acquisitions or losses.
Joining Falconry Communities
Many states have falconry clubs or associations that support beginners and experienced falconers. These groups host meets, share knowledge, and advocate for falconry rights. Joining a local group can be incredibly helpful during your apprenticeship and beyond.
Falconry is a legally recognized and highly respected practice in 49 U.S. states, offering a deep connection to wildlife and ancient tradition. While the process of becoming a falconer involves rigorous training and dedication, the rewards are immense. From Alaska to Florida, individuals passionate about raptors and nature can find opportunities to engage in this unique partnership between human and bird of prey. If you’re wondering, What states allow falconry? the answer is nearly all, except Hawaii. For those willing to commit, the skies await.