The identity and occupation of Matthew, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, has been a subject of discussion and debate among scholars, theologians, and religious followers for centuries. One of the most common questions asked is whether Matthew was indeed a publican, or tax collector, before he followed Jesus. This question holds significance because tax collectors in ancient Judea were often despised by their fellow Jews due to their association with Roman authority and their reputation for corruption. Understanding Matthew’s background sheds light on the social and religious context of his calling and the transformative nature of Jesus’ ministry.
Who Was Matthew According to the Bible?
The Gospel Accounts
Matthew is prominently mentioned in the Synoptic Gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke as one of Jesus’ twelve apostles. The Gospel of Matthew opens with a brief genealogy and then quickly introduces Matthew as a tax collector. In Matthew 9:9, the narrative describes Jesus calling Matthew while he was sitting at the tax collector’s booth. This passage is one of the key references that supports the idea of Matthew being a publican.
The Meaning of ‘Publican’
The term publican was commonly used in the New Testament to describe tax collectors. These individuals were responsible for collecting taxes on behalf of the Roman Empire and the local authorities. Their role often involved collecting more than the required amount to keep a profit, which caused resentment among the Jewish population. The term carried negative connotations, often associated with greed and betrayal.
Was Matthew a Publican? Evidence and Interpretations
Scriptural Evidence
Multiple gospel passages support the idea that Matthew was a tax collector. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark both mention Jesus calling a man named Levi from the tax booth to follow Him. Many biblical scholars agree that Levi and Matthew refer to the same person, although some debate exists. Luke’s gospel also refers to Levi, identifying him as a tax collector.
In Matthew 9:9, the text explicitly states: As Jesus went on from there, he saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax collector’s booth. Follow me,’ he told him, and Matthew got up and followed him. This passage implies Matthew’s occupation before his discipleship.
The Name Confusion: Matthew or Levi?
One notable discussion among scholars is the identity of Matthew and Levi. While Matthew is commonly called the author of the first Gospel, Levi is mentioned as a tax collector called by Jesus. Some interpret these as two different individuals, while the majority of tradition identifies them as the same person with two names, a common practice in the ancient world.
Social Implications of Being a Publican
The Role of Tax Collectors in Judea
Tax collectors like Matthew were seen as collaborators with the occupying Roman forces. They often collected taxes harshly and were suspected of extortion. This led to their social ostracism and distrust among Jews, who viewed them as sinners and traitors.
Jesus’ Ministry and Calling of Sinners
Matthew’s background as a publican highlights one of the central themes of Jesus’ ministry: reaching out to the marginalized, sinners, and those rejected by society. Jesus’ invitation to Matthew to follow Him is symbolic of a broader spiritual call to repentance and transformation.
The Significance of Matthew’s Conversion
From Publican to Apostle
Matthew’s willingness to leave his lucrative but despised profession to follow Jesus demonstrates a profound personal transformation. His decision reflects the power of Jesus’ message and the inclusive nature of His ministry.
Impact on the Early Church
As an apostle, Matthew contributed to the spread of Christianity. Tradition credits him with writing the Gospel of Matthew, which emphasizes Jesus as the Messiah and includes teachings directed at both Jewish and Gentile audiences. This gospel provides unique insights into Jesus’ life, teachings, and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy.
Common Misconceptions and Clarifications
Was Matthew a Tax Farmer?
Some scholars distinguish between tax collectors and tax farmers. Tax farmers leased the right to collect taxes and could be particularly exploitative. Whether Matthew was a tax farmer or a regular tax collector is unclear, but either way, his role would have been viewed negatively by his contemporaries.
Was Matthew’s Occupation a Barrier to Discipleship?
Despite the stigma associated with being a publican, Jesus’ choice of Matthew as a disciple illustrates His challenge to social norms. Matthew’s transformation serves as an example that no past occupation or reputation is a barrier to becoming part of the kingdom of God.
Summary of Key Points About Matthew and the Publican Question
- Matthew is widely believed to have been a tax collector (publican) before following Jesus.
- The Synoptic Gospels mention both Matthew and Levi, often considered the same person.
- Publicans were socially ostracized due to their role in Roman taxation and perceived corruption.
- Jesus’ calling of Matthew highlights His mission to reach out to sinners and marginalized individuals.
- Matthew’s conversion from publican to apostle symbolizes personal transformation and redemption.
- Traditionally, Matthew is credited with writing the Gospel of Matthew, which reflects his unique perspective.
Matthew was indeed a publican before he became one of Jesus’ twelve apostles, as supported by biblical texts and Christian tradition. His background as a tax collector offers important insight into the social dynamics of first-century Judea and underscores the transformative power of Jesus’ message. Matthew’s story challenges preconceived notions about sin, redemption, and the inclusivity of the Christian faith. His journey from publican to disciple exemplifies the possibility of change and the invitation extended to all, regardless of their past. Understanding Matthew’s occupation enriches the appreciation of his role in the early church and the enduring impact of his gospel.